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THREE:The retreat of George to Hanover was not merely to enjoy his native scenes and old associations; he felt himself insecure even on the throne of England, and the rebellion for the present quelled; he was anxious to form or renew alliances on the Continent to give strength to his position. The part which England had taken at the end of the war seemed to have alienated all her confederates of the Grand Alliance, and transferred their resentment to himself with his accession to the British Crown. Holland was, perhaps, the least sensible of the past discords; she had kept the treaty, and lent her aid on the landing of the Pretender; but she was at daggers drawn with Austria, who was much irritated by the Barrier Treaty, by which the Dutch secured a line of fortresses on the Austrian Netherlands. As for the Emperor, he was more feeble and sluggish than he had shown himself as the aspirant to the throne of Spain. He was a bigoted Catholic, little disposed to trouble himself for securing a Protestant succession, although it had expended much money and blood in defence of his own. On the contrary, he felt a strong jealousy of George, the Elector of Hanover, as King of England, and therefore capable of introducing, through his augmented resources, aggressive disturbances in Germany. The King of Prussia, his son-in-law, was rather a troublesome and wrangling ally than one to be depended upon.On the 27th of November, only two days after the receipt of the news of the surrender of Lord Cornwallis, Parliament met. The king adverted to the unhappy event, but still declared that he should be betraying his trust, as sovereign of a free people, if he did not refuse to give up the contest; that he still trusted in Divine Providence, and he called for fresh, animated, and united exertions. He turned with more satisfaction to the successes in the East Indies, and the safe arrival of our principal mercantile fleets. In the Lords, the Earl of Shelburne attacked the Address, supported by the Duke of Richmond and the Lords Camden and Rockingham; but the most tempestuous burst of indignant eloquence from the Opposition took place in the Commons. Fox asserted that he had listened to the Address with horror and amazement. He declared himself confounded at the hardihood of Ministers, after such a consummation of their imbecile management, who dared to look the House of Commons in the face. He would not say that they were paid by France, for it was not possible for him to prove the fact; but, if they were not, he avowed that they deserved to be, for they had served the French monarch more faithfully and successfully than ever Ministers served a master. He especially singled out Lord Sandwich for reprobation, as the author of the wretched condition of our fleets, which were inferior in number of ships and their appointments to those of the enemy all over the globe. He called on the House to insist on the total and immediate change of Ministers, and urged the adoption of measures which should, if possible, repair the incalculable injuries they had inflicted on the nation. The Ministers, however, had strength enough to carry the Address by two hundred and eighteen votes against one hundred and twenty-nine; but the debate was resumed on the Address being reported, and then William Pitt delivered a most scathing speech, declaring that so far from our being warranted in pressing this ruinous war, he was satisfied that, if he went from one end of the Treasury bench to the other, such was the condition of the Ministry, he should find that there was not one man who could trust his neighbour; and the truth of this was becoming strikingly evident. Dundas, the Lord Advocate, hitherto one of the staunchest supporters of Lord North, spoke now as in astonishment at the language of the Ministers, declaring that some of them in Council clearly did not give their honest opinions. There were other like symptoms of defection; the sensitive placemen saw that the end of the North Administration was at hand. Lord North, perceiving the ground failing beneath him, lowered his tone, and, on Sir James Lowther, seconded by Mr. Powys, proposing a resolution that the war against America had been an utter failure, he explained that he did not advocate, in future, a continental warfare there, a marching of troops through the provinces, from north to south, but only the retention of ports on the coast, for the protection of our fleets in those seas, and the repulse of the French and Spaniards. Parliament was adjourned on the 20th of December till the 21st of January, and thus closed the year 1781.

THREE:Bearing his prizes with him, Rodney proceeded to Gibraltar, carrying great exultation to the besieged rock by the news of such victory and the timely supplies. He sent on some ships to carry similar relief to our garrison at Port Mahon, and, after lying some weeks at Gibraltar, he dispatched Admiral Digby home with a portion of the fleet, and then with the rest made sail for the West Indies. Digby, on his homeward route, also captured a French ship of the line, and two merchant vessels laden with military stores. This blow to the Spanish maritime power was never altogether recovered during the war. The Congress at Vienna��Napoleon's Escape from Elba��Military Preparations��England supplies the Money��Wellington organises his Army��Napoleon's Journey through France��His Entry into Paris��The Enemy gathers round him��Napoleon's Preparations��The New Constitution��Positions of Wellington and Blucher��The Duchess of Richmond's Ball��Battles of Ligny and Quatre Bras��Blucher's Retreat��The Field of Waterloo��The Battle��Charge of the Old Guard��Arrival of the Prussians��The Retreat��French Assertions about the Battle refuted��Napoleon's Abdication��The Allies march on Paris��End of the Hundred Days��The Emperor is sent to St. Helena��The War in America��Events on the Canadian Frontier��Repeated Incapacity of Sir George Prevost��His Recall��Failure of American Designs on Canada��Capture of Washington by the British��Other Expeditions��Failure of the Expedition to New Orleans��Anxiety of the United States for Peace��Mediation of the Czar��Treaty of Ghent��Execution of Ney and Lab��doy��re��Inability of Wellington to interfere��Murat's Attempt on Naples��His Execution��The Second Treaty of Paris��Final Conditions between France and the Allies��Remainder of the Third George's Reign��Corn Law of 1815��General Distress��Riots and Political Meetings��The Storming of Algiers��Repressive Measures in Parliament��Suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act��Secret Meetings in Lancashire��The Spy Oliver��The Derbyshire Insurrection��Refusal of Juries to convict��Suppression of seditious Writings��Circular to Lords-Lieutenant��The Flight of Cobbett��First Trial of Hone��The Trials before Lord Ellenborough��Bill for the Abolition of Sinecures��Death of the Princess Charlotte��Opening of the Session of 1818��Repeal of the Suspension Act��Operation of the Corn Law��The Indemnity Bill��Its Passage through Parliament��Attempts at Reform��Marriages of the Dukes of Clarence, Cambridge, and Kent��Renewal of the Alien Act��Dissolution of Parliament and General Election��Strike in Manchester��Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle��Raids of the Pindarrees��Lord Hastings determines to suppress them��Malcolm's Campaign��Outbreak of Cholera��Campaign against the Peishwa��Pacification of the Mahratta District��Apparent Prosperity of Great Britain in 1819��Opening of Parliament��Debates on the Royal Expenditure��Resumption of Cash Payments��The Budget��Social Reforms��The Scottish Burghs��Roman Catholic Emancipation rejected��Weakness of the Government��Meeting at Manchester��The Peterloo Massacre��The Six Acts��The Cato Street Conspiracy��Attempted Insurrection in Scotland��Trials of Hunt and his Associates��Death of George III.